Development of an Educational Program on Cultural Competence for Psychiatric Professionals / 医学教育

We developed an educational program on cultural competence for psychiatric professionals. Regarding social justice education that critically questions dominant ideologies, we held weekly 30-minute discussion groups with multidisciplinary professionals. Rather than focusing on a particular culture group, we aimed to realize through critical self-reflection, as advocated by Kumagai and Lypson, that “there is a part of the other that I cannot know,” and named this group the “Discussion Group on Otherness.” Using essays on medical culture written by researchers in the medical humanities as our main teaching material, we discussed what is (or should be) the relevant problem. This article discusses the issues that have emerged so far, the responses to these issues, and future developments.

Report: Medical Education Cyber Symposium / 医学教育

The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has significantly impacted medical education and the need to respond to rapidly changing and uncertain situation. In addition, with the decision to hold this year’s annual meeting, it was deemed necessary to have a forum for information sharing and discussion. Therefore, a special committee was formed to organize a cyber-symposium on medical education, and four symposia were held every two weeks, starting May 2020, under the themes of ‘Future Clinical Clerkship’, ‘Examinations’, ‘Post-graduate Education’ and ‘Medical Education with Corona’. This paper reports these symposia and provides an overview and future considerations.

Release from Restraint / 医学教育

The faculty development for clinical supervisor teaching residents (FD) was held for two nights on site in Japan. However, corona pandemic made it difficult to conduct the FD on site, thus we conducted it completely online. To avoid participants’ burden of long hours of synchronous online learning, we adopted a flipped classroom in which assignments in asynchronous online learning was used in discussion in synchronous learning. Assignments were issued sequentially five weeks prior to the synchronous session, and the synchronous session was held from 5:00 p.m. on Friday, November 13, 2020 to Saturday, November 14, 2020 for 45 participants. All participants completed the course by submitting all the assignments. The online flipped classroom utilizing assignments has a potential to significantly reduce the time constraints on busy clinicians.

Foundation Program in Medical Education Organized by Kyoto University / 医学教育

Foundation Program in Medical Education organized by Kyoto University since 2015, previously funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), is a program that combines face-to-face and distance learning to develop medical education training systematically. The students (or clinical teachers), who study about 120 hours a year, form a strong learning community, which is the envy of the supervisors, with their 12 peers. In addition, the program is characterized by its emphasis on educational philosophy and cultural anthropology.

Educational Problem-solving Conference as Work-based Faculty Development / 医学教育

We conducted a case conference to solve problems in teaching practices and for clinician teachers to discuss various issues occurring in the field. The conference was based on the presentation of individual educational practice cases from faculty development workshops approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. We prepared two months before the event and dealt with four cases on the day of the event. During the discussion, we tried to link educational problems with a theory or a conceptual framework in medical education so that participants, including case presenters, would have a better understanding of clinical training settings. In addition, communication across disciplines was facilitated through discussions. This attempt has the potential to contribute to the development of a community of practice related to cross-disciplinary education. The key to success for this case conference was the "interpreter" role. The person in that role considers the background and context of practice and links practice with theory appropriately. In addition, faculty development for educators who can play the role will also be an issue in the future.

An Education Survey on "What is Medicine" -through the Perspective of Yonezo Nakagawa / 医学教育

Background: We investigated how undergraduate medical curriculum handles the question “what is medicine” , which Yonezo Nakagawa raised in a field of study called “Igaku-gairon” .　Method: We analyzed the content, the amount, the methods, the assessment, and the teachers using syllabi that are accessible on the Internet as resources.　Results: In 69 schools, the total number of hours of instruction in “philosophy of medicine and medical ethics” , “sociology of medicine and medical anthropology” and “history of medicine” was 1066 h 20min, 213 h 5min, and 192 h 5min, respectively, representing 72%, 14%, and 13% of the total instruction.　Analysis: We found that their were classes which address the question “what is medicine” without using the word “Igaku-gairon” can be sporadically found in medical curriculum.

Admission policies and methods at crossroads: a review of medical school admission policies and methods in seven Asian countries / 한국의학교육

Selecting the right applicants is an important part of medical student admission. While one universally accepted selection criterion is academic capacity, there are other criteria such as communication skills and local criteria (e.g., socio-cultural values) that are no less important. This article reviews the policies and methods of selection to medical schools in seven countries with varying socio-economic conditions and healthcare systems. Senior academics involved in medical education in Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan completed a pre-agreed pro-forma per each country to describe the country’s admission policies and methods. The details were then compared and contrasted. This review identifies tension between many of the policies and methods used in medical school admissions, such as between the need to assess non-cognitive abilities and widen access, and between the need for more medical professionals and the requirement to set high entry standards. Finding the right balance requires careful consideration of all variables, including the country’s human resource needs; socio-economic status; graduates’ expected competencies; and the school’s vision, mission, and availability of resources.

Faculty development in medical education: an environmental scan in countries within the Asia pacific region / 한국의학교육

Purpose@#In recent years, faculty development (FD) research is more noticeable within an inter-professional context and in allied health education. However, there is a paucity of published literature on FD medical education programs in Asia. With the formation of the Asia Pacific Medical Education Network (APME-Net) in 2015, a scoping review of an environmental scan of FD medical education programs in main institutions in South East Asia and Australia in 2018 was conducted. @*Methods@#A survey was developed to collect data on FD in medical education after several rounds of discussion with APME-Net members. The representatives from nine countries in Asia and Australia were invited to partner in this research project. They sent the questionnaire to the Dean of all different medical schools after ethical clearance. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. @*Results@#Only institutions in four countries responded to the questionnaire. The medical/health professions education center/department/unit has been established in most educational institutions in these countries. These centers/departments/units mostly carry out FD programs to improve the teaching and learning skills of trained participants, particularly clinical teachers via workshops and seminars. Staffing issues and participant buy-in are the current key priorities of the center/department/unit in terms of FD. Lastly, research related FD program has not been well-supported in these countries, hence, the lack of publication in this area. @*Conclusion@#Collaboration between countries to address key areas of interest and develop more standardized and productive FD medical education is required especially in research.

Why Do We Write Medical Education Research Papers? A Narrative of a Retired Doctor / 医学教育

Why do we write medical education research papers and present them at academic conferences? Why do you read medical education research papers and listen to presentations at academic conferences? Medical education is often practiced in a closed space such as a lecture room, where there is a clear power dynamic such as <teacher / supervisor> and <medical student / resident>. In this paper, we will focus on power structure and develop an argument about the significance of educational case reports in medical education research from the epistemological standpoint of critical theory structure.

Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Medical Education Convention / 医学教育

We analyzed the achievements of annual meetings of Japan Society for Medical Education (JSME) over the past 10 years. JSME is the biggest community in the field of medical education from the perspective of both social science and medicine. To develop the organization further, we argue that it should follow a line of inquiry that will advance science in the field as well as provide information on cutting edge faculty development within the context of Japanese medical education. To achieve this goal and facilitate continuity, we propose JSME develop a program committee for its annual meeting. We hope the meeting will provide a community of practice in which healthcare workers and researchers in the field of medical education can communicate and collaborate through the discussion of theories and practices.

4. Bushido Professionalism / 医学教育

<p>　Since the proposal of Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) by Harden in 1999, there has been an increase in the trend of discussing problems related to medical education using the results of medical education research primarily conducted in English-speaking countries as scientific evidence. However, if medical education, including professionalism and other issues, is discussed without taking into consideration cultures and systems, its essence may be overlooked. The present paper introduces a theory of professionalism regarding Japanese physicians using bushido (samurai spirit) as its model. I hope that the present paper will serve as a foundation for discussions concerning education on professionalism for physicians in Japan.</p>

4. Verbalization through dialogue / 医学教育

　Many research studies in medical education fail to follow a line of inquiry that will lead over time to advances in the field. A basic reason is the lack of opportunities for medical teachers to learn educational theories and terms. We recommend that novices in medical education research engage in a dialogue with experts to develop research questions. The theoretical framework plays an important role in research by allowing the same phenomena to be viewed through a different lens. Verbalization is important both in conducting qualitative research and writing the discussion section of papers.

Ⅰ An overview of theories about interprofessional education and work / 医学教育

　The theoretical framework for interprofessional education is drawn from a number of academic disciplines. To put theory into practice, it is necessary to analyze major theories and use metacognitive frameworks focusing on the micro, meso, and macro levels.<br>　As major theories, social constructivism and social capital were introduced. Social constructivism emphasizes the necessity of interaction with the social environment and proposes that persons play a large role in cognitive development. In social capital, people tend to share a common idea as “the social network has value.”<br>　On the basis of social welfare theory, we have described several theories focusing on the micro, meso, and macro levels. In micro-level analysis, successful application of adult learning theory, or andragogy, is a key mechanism for well-received interprofessional education. In addition, contact theory provides appropriate ways to reduce prejudice between members of a group, and social identity theory provides a concept for explaining intergroup behavior. In meso-level analysis, team learning, the theory of cooperation, activity theory, and Tuckman’s team development model were introduced. In macro-level analysis, we explained that healthcare professionals are socialized in complex systems focusing on organizational learning or practice.<br>　Finally, the literature for interprofessional education focusing on a metacognitive framework was introduced. We expect that, through multifaceted reflection over time, a theoretical framework for multidisciplinary cooperation will be developed.

Curriculum／Program Evaluation in Medical Education / 医学教育

　Curriculum／program evaluation is not just a survey for participants after the teaching session but is also a purposive and comprehensive evaluation of a planned educational program／curriculum.<br>　The key questions are as follows.<br>　・　What are the goals of the evaluation<br>　・　Whose opinion matters?<br>　・　What should be evaluated, and what information should be collected?<br>　・　What methods will be used to collect the information?<br>　・　Who will collect the information?<br>　・　From whom will the information be collected?<br>　・　When will the evaluation be conducted?<br>　・　What decisions can be made as a result of the evaluation?<br>　The purpose of the evaluation is to change the curriculum／program on the basis of the results.

The 6th Jakarta Meeting on Medical Education / 医学教育

1. We participated in the 6th Jakarta Meeting on Medical Education held in Indonesia in 2013.<br>2. In Indonesia, medical education has been attracting more and more medical faculties. We are supposed to disseminate more academic outputs in the future.

Curriculum development in medical education / 医学教育

　In this manuscript, the background and basics of curriculum development are discussed.<br>●A curriculum statement is expected to be a guide for learners, teachers, and managers to fulfill their obligations in an educational program.<br>●Student-centered education and outcome-based education are basic concepts of curriculum planning. Essential competencies of medical students and physicians should be discussed and described as intended outcomes of undergraduate education and postgraduate training.<br>●In curriculum development, the overall purposes of the program are developed on the basis of related global, national, and local needs and context, after which intended learning outcomes, educational strategies, assessment, and management and program-improvement systems are constructed. Modules, integrated learning, spiral curriculum, and workplace-based learning facilitate the acquisition of professional competencies.<br>●Learners, who are important stakeholders, should also participate in the curriculum-development process. The public should be informed of the outcomes and quality of programs to ensure the accountability of medical education and the quality of graduates and physicians.

Assessment in Medical Education II: Detailed exposition / 医学教育

  In this manuscript, several approaches and methods of assessment based on Miller’s pyramid of competence are demonstrated.<br>●Deliberate assessment and its planning regulate a learner’s approach to learning and drives learning.<br>●In the design and conduct of assessments, the educational effect and the effect on learning should be taken into account.<br>● While knowing does not necessarily guarantee competence, competence does not necessarily guarantee knowing.<br>●It is important to design and perform an informative, continuing, comprehensive programmed assessment to maximize the benefits of outcome-based education.<br>●The importance of assessment should be understood by the members of an institution, and the assessment must be feasible with regards to the available educational resources.

6. What medical educators expect from cultural anthropology: / 医学教育

  I summarized what we medical educators expect from cultural anthropology from the following 2 points. One is the viewpoint of cultural relativism. Japanese medical educators tend to be Western supremacists. We expect cultural anthropologists to promote discussion in the medical／healthcare professions from the viewpoint of cultural relativism. The other point is to promote the teaching of anthropology in a clinical context. Referring to an explanatory model as a good example, we expect anthropologists to consider what physicians or healthcare professionals should know about cultural anthropology.

Recent Trends of Medical Education Reforms in United Kingdom: / 医学教育

Background: Globalization urges us to discuss rationale and policy towards establishing a medical education accrediting body in Japan. Experience of General Medical Council （GMC） suggests us some useful lessons.<br>Method: Based on our visits and investigation into in GMC, we inquire how Quality Assurance （QA） was introduced in UK with what incentives and how QA has brought reforms in the medical schools in UK.<br>Result: Since 2003, GMC has changed its policy for QA from ‘inspection’ to ‘dialogue’. Dialogical QA asks a medical school to think critically of their education and consider vigorous actions for further improvements.<br>Discussion: Implications from the experience of GMC are: 1.QA process in GMC makes medical schools take robust steps towards changes, 2. Sharing the rational and policy for QA created the solid base for its effective implementation, 3. There are possible difficulties in establishing structure to do an enormous amount of coordinating work, which is necessary for constructing ‘dialogue with medical schools’.

A case of clinical clerkship in Utrecht University / 医学教育

1）Relationship between Japan and The Netherland in Medical Education started when Pompe van Meerdervoort visited Japan in 19th century.<br>2）Medical Education in The Netherland has been changing based on evidence in medical education since 1970s.<br>3）Utrecht University adapts Z type curriculum, spends 4 weeks for most of the clinical rotations, and has culture in which residents teach medical students.